A set of three studies examining how individuals who are childfree by choice are perceived found that they are seen as less warm compared to adoptive parents, childless people, and parents. However, they were generally seen as higher in competence compared to parents and childless people. Childfree women were rated lower in warmth than childfree men. The paper was published in the Journal of Social Psychology. Childfree people are adults who consciously and voluntarily choose not to have children, viewing this as a long-term or permanent life decision rather than a temporary circumstance. They differ from people who are childless (i.e., those who want children but do not have them due to infertility, partnership status, or other constraints). One group of childfree individuals makes this choice for personal or lifestyle reasons, such as valuing autonomy, time, mobility, or career flexibility. Another group is motivated by economic considerations, including financial insecurity, housing costs, or concerns about long-term economic stability. Some childfree people cite psychological or relational reasons, such as a low desire for parenting, a preference …